Differin Dark Spot Correcting Serum with 4% Niacinamide for Dark Spots & Post Acne Marks 1 fl oz

Water is a universal solvent used in cosmetics to dissolve other ingredients. It acts as a base for the formulation, ensuring even distribution of active ingredients. It is essential for hydrating the skin.

Alcohol is used as a solvent and to enhance the penetration of active ingredients. It can also act as a preservative to extend the shelf life of the product. However, it may cause dryness or irritation in some skin types.

Niacinamide is a form of Vitamin B3 that is known for its anti-inflammatory and brightening properties. It helps to improve skin texture and reduce the appearance of dark spots. It is well-tolerated by most skin types.

PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil is an emulsifier that helps to mix oil and water-based ingredients. It improves the texture and spreadability of the product. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Polysorbate 20 is a surfactant and emulsifier used to stabilize formulations. It helps to disperse oils in water-based products. It is commonly used in cosmetics and is considered safe.

Hydroxyethylcellulose is a thickening agent that helps to improve the texture of cosmetic products. It is derived from cellulose and is used to enhance the viscosity of formulations. It is generally considered safe and non-irritating.

Sodium Ascorbyl Phosphate is a stable form of Vitamin C used for its antioxidant properties. It helps to brighten the skin and reduce signs of aging. It is less irritating than other forms of Vitamin C.

1.2-Hexanediol is a humectant and solvent that helps to retain moisture in the skin. It also acts as a preservative booster to enhance the efficacy of other preservatives. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Caprylyl Glycol is a skin-conditioning agent that provides moisturizing benefits. It also acts as a preservative booster to enhance the shelf life of the product. It is well-tolerated by most skin types.

Hippophae Rhamnoides Oil, also known as Sea Buckthorn Oil, is rich in vitamins and antioxidants. It helps to nourish and protect the skin from environmental damage. It is beneficial for improving skin elasticity and reducing inflammation.

Helianthus Annuus Seed Oil, or Sunflower Seed Oil, is a natural emollient that helps to moisturize and soften the skin. It is rich in essential fatty acids and vitamins. It is non-comedogenic and suitable for all skin types.

Rosmarinus Officinalis Leaf Extract, or Rosemary Extract, is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It helps to protect the skin from free radical damage and soothes irritation. It is commonly used in skincare for its beneficial effects.

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is used in cosmetics for its conditioning properties. It helps to improve the health and appearance of the skin. It is generally considered safe and beneficial for skin health.

Sodium Citrate is used as a buffering agent to maintain the pH balance of cosmetic formulations. It helps to stabilize the product and enhance its shelf life. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Sodium Metabisulfite is used as a preservative and antioxidant in cosmetics. It helps to prevent the oxidation of ingredients and extend the shelf life of the product. However, it may cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Sodium Sulfite is used as a preservative and antioxidant in cosmetic formulations. It helps to prevent the degradation of ingredients and maintain product stability. It is generally considered safe but may cause irritation in sensitive individuals.

Citric Acid is used as a pH adjuster and exfoliant in cosmetics. It helps to maintain the acidity of the product and can provide mild exfoliation. It is generally safe but may cause irritation in sensitive skin.

Disodium EDTA is a chelating agent that helps to stabilize cosmetic formulations by binding metal ions. It enhances the efficacy of preservatives and improves product stability. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

T-Butyl Alcohol is used as a solvent and denaturant in cosmetic formulations. It helps to dissolve other ingredients and improve product texture. However, it may cause irritation in sensitive skin.

Disodium Phosphate is used as a buffering agent to maintain the pH balance of cosmetic products. It helps to stabilize formulations and enhance product performance. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Polysorbate 60 is an emulsifier used to stabilize oil-in-water formulations. It helps to improve the texture and consistency of cosmetic products. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Fragrance is added to cosmetics to provide a pleasant scent. It is a mixture of aromatic compounds that can enhance the sensory experience of the product. However, it is a common allergen and can cause irritation.

Sodium Phosphate is used as a buffering agent to maintain the pH balance of cosmetic formulations. It helps to stabilize the product and enhance its performance. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.

Denatonium Benzoate is used as a bittering agent to prevent accidental ingestion of cosmetic products. It is one of the most bitter compounds known and is used in very low concentrations. It is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics.